"""PyFilesystem base class.
The filesystem base class is common to all filesystems. If you
familiarize yourself with this (rather straightforward) API, you
can work with any of the supported filesystems.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
import abc
import hashlib
import itertools
import os
import threading
import time
import typing
from contextlib import closing
from functools import partial, wraps
import warnings
import six
from . import copy, errors, fsencode, iotools, move, tools, walk, wildcard
from .copy import copy_modified_time
from .glob import BoundGlobber
from .mode import validate_open_mode
from .path import abspath, join, normpath
from .time import datetime_to_epoch
from .walk import Walker
if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
from datetime import datetime
from threading import RLock
from typing import (
Any,
BinaryIO,
Callable,
Collection,
Dict,
IO,
Iterable,
Iterator,
List,
Mapping,
Optional,
Text,
Tuple,
Type,
Union,
)
from types import TracebackType
from .enums import ResourceType
from .info import Info, RawInfo
from .subfs import SubFS
from .permissions import Permissions
from .walk import BoundWalker
_F = typing.TypeVar("_F", bound="FS")
_T = typing.TypeVar("_T", bound="FS")
_OpendirFactory = Callable[[_T, Text], SubFS[_T]]
__all__ = ["FS"]
def _new_name(method, old_name):
"""Return a method with a deprecation warning."""
# Looks suspiciously like a decorator, but isn't!
@wraps(method)
def _method(*args, **kwargs):
warnings.warn(
"method '{}' has been deprecated, please rename to '{}'".format(
old_name, method.__name__
),
DeprecationWarning,
)
return method(*args, **kwargs)
deprecated_msg = """
Note:
.. deprecated:: 2.2.0
Please use `~{}`
""".format(
method.__name__
)
if getattr(_method, "__doc__", None) is not None:
_method.__doc__ += deprecated_msg
return _method
[docs]@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
class FS(object):
"""Base class for FS objects."""
# This is the "standard" meta namespace.
_meta = {} # type: Dict[Text, Union[Text, int, bool, None]]
# most FS will use default walking algorithms
walker_class = Walker
# default to SubFS, used by opendir and should be returned by makedir(s)
subfs_class = None
[docs] def __init__(self):
# type: (...) -> None
"""Create a filesystem. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature."""
self._closed = False
self._lock = threading.RLock()
super(FS, self).__init__()
[docs] def __del__(self):
"""Auto-close the filesystem on exit."""
self.close()
[docs] def __enter__(self):
# type: (...) -> FS
"""Allow use of filesystem as a context manager."""
return self
[docs] def __exit__(
self,
exc_type, # type: Optional[Type[BaseException]]
exc_value, # type: Optional[BaseException]
traceback, # type: Optional[TracebackType]
):
# type: (...) -> None
"""Close filesystem on exit."""
self.close()
@property
def glob(self):
"""`~fs.glob.BoundGlobber`: a globber object.."""
return BoundGlobber(self)
@property
def walk(self):
# type: (_F) -> BoundWalker[_F]
"""`~fs.walk.BoundWalker`: a walker bound to this filesystem."""
return self.walker_class.bind(self)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------- #
# Required methods #
# Filesystems must implement these methods. #
# ---------------------------------------------------------------- #
[docs] @abc.abstractmethod
def getinfo(self, path, namespaces=None):
# type: (Text, Optional[Collection[Text]]) -> Info
"""Get information about a resource on a filesystem.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a resource on the filesystem.
namespaces (list, optional): Info namespaces to query. The
`"basic"` namespace is alway included in the returned
info, whatever the value of `namespaces` may be.
Returns:
~fs.info.Info: resource information object.
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``path`` does not exist.
For more information regarding resource information, see :ref:`info`.
"""
[docs] @abc.abstractmethod
def listdir(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> List[Text]
"""Get a list of the resource names in a directory.
This method will return a list of the resources in a directory.
A *resource* is a file, directory, or one of the other types
defined in `~fs.enums.ResourceType`.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a directory on the filesystem
Returns:
list: list of names, relative to ``path``.
Raises:
fs.errors.DirectoryExpected: If ``path`` is not a directory.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``path`` does not exist.
"""
[docs] @abc.abstractmethod
def makedir(
self,
path, # type: Text
permissions=None, # type: Optional[Permissions]
recreate=False, # type: bool
):
# type: (...) -> SubFS[FS]
"""Make a directory.
Arguments:
path (str): Path to directory from root.
permissions (~fs.permissions.Permissions, optional): a
`Permissions` instance, or `None` to use default.
recreate (bool): Set to `True` to avoid raising an error if
the directory already exists (defaults to `False`).
Returns:
~fs.subfs.SubFS: a filesystem whose root is the new directory.
Raises:
fs.errors.DirectoryExists: If the path already exists.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If the path is not found.
"""
[docs] @abc.abstractmethod
def openbin(
self,
path, # type: Text
mode="r", # type: Text
buffering=-1, # type: int
**options # type: Any
):
# type: (...) -> BinaryIO
"""Open a binary file-like object.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
mode (str): Mode to open file (must be a valid non-text mode,
defaults to *r*). Since this method only opens binary files,
the ``b`` in the mode string is implied.
buffering (int): Buffering policy (-1 to use default buffering,
0 to disable buffering, or any positive integer to indicate
a buffer size).
**options: keyword arguments for any additional information
required by the filesystem (if any).
Returns:
io.IOBase: a *file-like* object.
Raises:
fs.errors.FileExpected: If ``path`` exists and is not a file.
fs.errors.FileExists: If the ``path`` exists, and
*exclusive mode* is specified (``x`` in the mode).
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``path`` does not exist and
``mode`` does not imply creating the file, or if any
ancestor of ``path`` does not exist.
"""
[docs] @abc.abstractmethod
def remove(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> None
"""Remove a file from the filesystem.
Arguments:
path (str): Path of the file to remove.
Raises:
fs.errors.FileExpected: If the path is a directory.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If the path does not exist.
"""
[docs] @abc.abstractmethod
def removedir(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> None
"""Remove a directory from the filesystem.
Arguments:
path (str): Path of the directory to remove.
Raises:
fs.errors.DirectoryNotEmpty: If the directory is not empty (
see `~fs.base.FS.removetree` for a way to remove the
directory contents).
fs.errors.DirectoryExpected: If the path does not refer to
a directory.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If no resource exists at the
given path.
fs.errors.RemoveRootError: If an attempt is made to remove
the root directory (i.e. ``'/'``)
"""
[docs] @abc.abstractmethod
def setinfo(self, path, info):
# type: (Text, RawInfo) -> None
"""Set info on a resource.
This method is the complement to `~fs.base.FS.getinfo`
and is used to set info values on a resource.
Arguments:
path (str): Path to a resource on the filesystem.
info (dict): Dictionary of resource info.
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``path`` does not exist
on the filesystem
The ``info`` dict should be in the same format as the raw
info returned by ``getinfo(file).raw``.
Example:
>>> details_info = {"details": {
... "modified": time.time()
... }}
>>> my_fs.setinfo('file.txt', details_info)
"""
# ---------------------------------------------------------------- #
# Optional methods #
# Filesystems *may* implement these methods. #
# ---------------------------------------------------------------- #
[docs] def appendbytes(self, path, data):
# type: (Text, bytes) -> None
# FIXME(@althonos): accept bytearray and memoryview as well ?
"""Append bytes to the end of a file, creating it if needed.
Arguments:
path (str): Path to a file.
data (bytes): Bytes to append.
Raises:
TypeError: If ``data`` is not a `bytes` instance.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If a parent directory of
``path`` does not exist.
"""
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
raise TypeError("must be bytes")
with self._lock:
with self.open(path, "ab") as append_file:
append_file.write(data)
[docs] def appendtext(
self,
path, # type: Text
text, # type: Text
encoding="utf-8", # type: Text
errors=None, # type: Optional[Text]
newline="", # type: Text
):
# type: (...) -> None
"""Append text to the end of a file, creating it if needed.
Arguments:
path (str): Path to a file.
text (str): Text to append.
encoding (str): Encoding for text files (defaults to ``utf-8``).
errors (str, optional): What to do with unicode decode errors
(see `codecs` module for more information).
newline (str): Newline parameter.
Raises:
TypeError: if ``text`` is not an unicode string.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: if a parent directory of
``path`` does not exist.
"""
if not isinstance(text, six.text_type):
raise TypeError("must be unicode string")
with self._lock:
with self.open(
path, "at", encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline
) as append_file:
append_file.write(text)
[docs] def close(self):
# type: () -> None
"""Close the filesystem and release any resources.
It is important to call this method when you have finished
working with the filesystem. Some filesystems may not finalize
changes until they are closed (archives for example). You may
call this method explicitly (it is safe to call close multiple
times), or you can use the filesystem as a context manager to
automatically close.
Example:
>>> with OSFS('~/Desktop') as desktop_fs:
... desktop_fs.writetext(
... 'note.txt',
... "Don't forget to tape Game of Thrones"
... )
If you attempt to use a filesystem that has been closed, a
`~fs.errors.FilesystemClosed` exception will be thrown.
"""
self._closed = True
[docs] def copy(
self,
src_path, # type: Text
dst_path, # type: Text
overwrite=False, # type: bool
preserve_time=False, # type: bool
):
# type: (...) -> None
"""Copy file contents from ``src_path`` to ``dst_path``.
Arguments:
src_path (str): Path of source file.
dst_path (str): Path to destination file.
overwrite (bool): If `True`, overwrite the destination file
if it exists (defaults to `False`).
preserve_time (bool): If `True`, try to preserve mtime of the
resource (defaults to `False`).
Raises:
fs.errors.DestinationExists: If ``dst_path`` exists,
and ``overwrite`` is `False`.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If a parent directory of
``dst_path`` does not exist.
fs.errors.FileExpected: If ``src_path`` is not a file.
"""
with self._lock:
if not overwrite and self.exists(dst_path):
raise errors.DestinationExists(dst_path)
with closing(self.open(src_path, "rb")) as read_file:
# FIXME(@althonos): typing complains because open return IO
self.upload(dst_path, read_file) # type: ignore
if preserve_time:
copy_modified_time(self, src_path, self, dst_path)
[docs] def copydir(
self,
src_path, # type: Text
dst_path, # type: Text
create=False, # type: bool
preserve_time=False, # type: bool
):
# type: (...) -> None
"""Copy the contents of ``src_path`` to ``dst_path``.
Arguments:
src_path (str): Path of source directory.
dst_path (str): Path to destination directory.
create (bool): If `True`, then ``dst_path`` will be created
if it doesn't exist already (defaults to `False`).
preserve_time (bool): If `True`, try to preserve mtime of the
resource (defaults to `False`).
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If the ``dst_path``
does not exist, and ``create`` is not `True`.
fs.errors.DirectoryExpected: If ``src_path`` is not a
directory.
"""
with self._lock:
if not create and not self.exists(dst_path):
raise errors.ResourceNotFound(dst_path)
if not self.getinfo(src_path).is_dir:
raise errors.DirectoryExpected(src_path)
copy.copy_dir(self, src_path, self, dst_path, preserve_time=preserve_time)
[docs] def create(self, path, wipe=False):
# type: (Text, bool) -> bool
"""Create an empty file.
The default behavior is to create a new file if one doesn't
already exist. If ``wipe`` is `True`, any existing file will
be truncated.
Arguments:
path (str): Path to a new file in the filesystem.
wipe (bool): If `True`, truncate any existing
file to 0 bytes (defaults to `False`).
Returns:
bool: `True` if a new file had to be created.
"""
with self._lock:
if not wipe and self.exists(path):
return False
with closing(self.open(path, "wb")):
pass
return True
[docs] def desc(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> Text
"""Return a short descriptive text regarding a path.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a resource on the filesystem.
Returns:
str: a short description of the path.
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``path`` does not exist.
"""
if not self.exists(path):
raise errors.ResourceNotFound(path)
try:
syspath = self.getsyspath(path)
except (errors.ResourceNotFound, errors.NoSysPath):
return "{} on {}".format(path, self)
else:
return syspath
[docs] def exists(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> bool
"""Check if a path maps to a resource.
Arguments:
path (str): Path to a resource.
Returns:
bool: `True` if a resource exists at the given path.
"""
try:
self.getinfo(path)
except errors.ResourceNotFound:
return False
else:
return True
[docs] def filterdir(
self,
path, # type: Text
files=None, # type: Optional[Iterable[Text]]
dirs=None, # type: Optional[Iterable[Text]]
exclude_dirs=None, # type: Optional[Iterable[Text]]
exclude_files=None, # type: Optional[Iterable[Text]]
namespaces=None, # type: Optional[Collection[Text]]
page=None, # type: Optional[Tuple[int, int]]
):
# type: (...) -> Iterator[Info]
"""Get an iterator of resource info, filtered by patterns.
This method enhances `~fs.base.FS.scandir` with additional
filtering functionality.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a directory on the filesystem.
files (list, optional): A list of UNIX shell-style patterns
to filter file names, e.g. ``['*.py']``.
dirs (list, optional): A list of UNIX shell-style patterns
to filter directory names.
exclude_dirs (list, optional): A list of patterns used
to exclude directories.
exclude_files (list, optional): A list of patterns used
to exclude files.
namespaces (list, optional): A list of namespaces to include
in the resource information, e.g. ``['basic', 'access']``.
page (tuple, optional): May be a tuple of ``(<start>, <end>)``
indexes to return an iterator of a subset of the resource
info, or `None` to iterate over the entire directory.
Paging a directory scan may be necessary for very large
directories.
Returns:
~collections.abc.Iterator: an iterator of `Info` objects.
"""
resources = self.scandir(path, namespaces=namespaces)
filters = []
def match_dir(patterns, info):
# type: (Optional[Iterable[Text]], Info) -> bool
"""Pattern match info.name."""
return info.is_file or self.match(patterns, info.name)
def match_file(patterns, info):
# type: (Optional[Iterable[Text]], Info) -> bool
"""Pattern match info.name."""
return info.is_dir or self.match(patterns, info.name)
def exclude_dir(patterns, info):
# type: (Optional[Iterable[Text]], Info) -> bool
"""Pattern match info.name."""
return info.is_file or not self.match(patterns, info.name)
def exclude_file(patterns, info):
# type: (Optional[Iterable[Text]], Info) -> bool
"""Pattern match info.name."""
return info.is_dir or not self.match(patterns, info.name)
if files:
filters.append(partial(match_file, files))
if dirs:
filters.append(partial(match_dir, dirs))
if exclude_dirs:
filters.append(partial(exclude_dir, exclude_dirs))
if exclude_files:
filters.append(partial(exclude_file, exclude_files))
if filters:
resources = (
info for info in resources if all(_filter(info) for _filter in filters)
)
iter_info = iter(resources)
if page is not None:
start, end = page
iter_info = itertools.islice(iter_info, start, end)
return iter_info
[docs] def readbytes(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> bytes
"""Get the contents of a file as bytes.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a readable file on the filesystem.
Returns:
bytes: the file contents.
Raises:
fs.errors.FileExpected: if ``path`` exists but is not a file.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: if ``path`` does not exist.
"""
with closing(self.open(path, mode="rb")) as read_file:
contents = read_file.read()
return contents
getbytes = _new_name(readbytes, "getbytes")
[docs] def download(self, path, file, chunk_size=None, **options):
# type: (Text, BinaryIO, Optional[int], **Any) -> None
"""Copy a file from the filesystem to a file-like object.
This may be more efficient that opening and copying files
manually if the filesystem supplies an optimized method.
Note that the file object ``file`` will *not* be closed by this
method. Take care to close it after this method completes
(ideally with a context manager).
Arguments:
path (str): Path to a resource.
file (file-like): A file-like object open for writing in
binary mode.
chunk_size (int, optional): Number of bytes to read at a
time, if a simple copy is used, or `None` to use
sensible default.
**options: Implementation specific options required to open
the source file.
Example:
>>> with open('starwars.mov', 'wb') as write_file:
... my_fs.download('/Videos/starwars.mov', write_file)
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: if ``path`` does not exist.
"""
with self._lock:
with self.openbin(path, **options) as read_file:
tools.copy_file_data(read_file, file, chunk_size=chunk_size)
getfile = _new_name(download, "getfile")
[docs] def readtext(
self,
path, # type: Text
encoding=None, # type: Optional[Text]
errors=None, # type: Optional[Text]
newline="", # type: Text
):
# type: (...) -> Text
"""Get the contents of a file as a string.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a readable file on the filesystem.
encoding (str, optional): Encoding to use when reading contents
in text mode (defaults to `None`, reading in binary mode).
errors (str, optional): Unicode errors parameter.
newline (str): Newlines parameter.
Returns:
str: file contents.
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``path`` does not exist.
"""
with closing(
self.open(
path, mode="rt", encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline
)
) as read_file:
contents = read_file.read()
return contents
gettext = _new_name(readtext, "gettext")
[docs] def getmodified(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> Optional[datetime]
"""Get the timestamp of the last modifying access of a resource.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a resource.
Returns:
datetime: The timestamp of the last modification.
The *modified timestamp* of a file is the point in time
that the file was last changed. Depending on the file system,
it might only have limited accuracy.
"""
return self.getinfo(path, namespaces=["details"]).modified
[docs] def getsize(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> int
"""Get the size (in bytes) of a resource.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a resource.
Returns:
int: the *size* of the resource.
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: if ``path`` does not exist.
The *size* of a file is the total number of readable bytes,
which may not reflect the exact number of bytes of reserved
disk space (or other storage medium).
The size of a directory is the number of bytes of overhead
use to store the directory entry.
"""
size = self.getdetails(path).size
return size
[docs] def getsyspath(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> Text
"""Get the *system path* of a resource.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
Returns:
str: the *system path* of the resource, if any.
Raises:
fs.errors.NoSysPath: If there is no corresponding system path.
A system path is one recognized by the OS, that may be used
outside of PyFilesystem (in an application or a shell for
example). This method will get the corresponding system path
that would be referenced by ``path``.
Not all filesystems have associated system paths. Network and
memory based filesystems, for example, may not physically store
data anywhere the OS knows about. It is also possible for some
paths to have a system path, whereas others don't.
This method will always return a str on Py3.* and unicode
on Py2.7. See `~getospath` if you need to encode the path as
bytes.
If ``path`` doesn't have a system path, a `~fs.errors.NoSysPath`
exception will be thrown.
Note:
A filesystem may return a system path even if no
resource is referenced by that path -- as long as it can
be certain what that system path would be.
"""
raise errors.NoSysPath(path=path)
[docs] def getospath(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> bytes
"""Get the *system path* to a resource, in the OS' prefered encoding.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
Returns:
str: the *system path* of the resource, if any.
Raises:
fs.errors.NoSysPath: If there is no corresponding system path.
This method takes the output of `~getsyspath` and encodes it to
the filesystem's prefered encoding. In Python3 this step is
not required, as the `os` module will do it automatically. In
Python2.7, the encoding step is required to support filenames
on the filesystem that don't encode correctly.
Note:
If you want your code to work in Python2.7 and Python3 then
use this method if you want to work with the OS filesystem
outside of the OSFS interface.
"""
syspath = self.getsyspath(path)
ospath = fsencode(syspath)
return ospath
[docs] def gettype(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> ResourceType
"""Get the type of a resource.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
Returns:
~fs.enums.ResourceType: the type of the resource.
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: if ``path`` does not exist.
A type of a resource is an integer that identifies the what
the resource references. The standard type integers may be one
of the values in the `~fs.enums.ResourceType` enumerations.
The most common resource types, supported by virtually all
filesystems are ``directory`` (1) and ``file`` (2), but the
following types are also possible:
=================== ======
ResourceType value
------------------- ------
unknown 0
directory 1
file 2
character 3
block_special_file 4
fifo 5
socket 6
symlink 7
=================== ======
Standard resource types are positive integers, negative values
are reserved for implementation specific resource types.
"""
resource_type = self.getdetails(path).type
return resource_type
[docs] def geturl(self, path, purpose="download"):
# type: (Text, Text) -> Text
"""Get the URL to a given resource.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem
purpose (str): A short string that indicates which URL
to retrieve for the given path (if there is more than
one). The default is ``'download'``, which should return
a URL that serves the file. Other filesystems may support
other values for ``purpose``: for instance, `OSFS` supports
``'fs'``, which returns a FS URL (see :ref:`fs-urls`).
Returns:
str: a URL.
Raises:
fs.errors.NoURL: If the path does not map to a URL.
"""
raise errors.NoURL(path, purpose)
[docs] def hassyspath(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> bool
"""Check if a path maps to a system path.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
Returns:
bool: `True` if the resource at ``path`` has a *syspath*.
"""
has_sys_path = True
try:
self.getsyspath(path)
except errors.NoSysPath:
has_sys_path = False
return has_sys_path
[docs] def hasurl(self, path, purpose="download"):
# type: (Text, Text) -> bool
"""Check if a path has a corresponding URL.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
purpose (str): A purpose parameter, as given in
`~fs.base.FS.geturl`.
Returns:
bool: `True` if an URL for the given purpose exists.
"""
has_url = True
try:
self.geturl(path, purpose=purpose)
except errors.NoURL:
has_url = False
return has_url
[docs] def isclosed(self):
# type: () -> bool
"""Check if the filesystem is closed."""
return getattr(self, "_closed", False)
[docs] def isdir(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> bool
"""Check if a path maps to an existing directory.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
Returns:
bool: `True` if ``path`` maps to a directory.
"""
try:
return self.getinfo(path).is_dir
except errors.ResourceNotFound:
return False
[docs] def isempty(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> bool
"""Check if a directory is empty.
A directory is considered empty when it does not contain
any file or any directory.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a directory on the filesystem.
Returns:
bool: `True` if the directory is empty.
Raises:
errors.DirectoryExpected: If ``path`` is not a directory.
errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``path`` does not exist.
"""
return next(iter(self.scandir(path)), None) is None
[docs] def isfile(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> bool
"""Check if a path maps to an existing file.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
Returns:
bool: `True` if ``path`` maps to a file.
"""
try:
return not self.getinfo(path).is_dir
except errors.ResourceNotFound:
return False
[docs] def islink(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> bool
"""Check if a path maps to a symlink.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
Returns:
bool: `True` if ``path`` maps to a symlink.
"""
self.getinfo(path)
return False
[docs] def lock(self):
# type: () -> RLock
"""Get a context manager that *locks* the filesystem.
Locking a filesystem gives a thread exclusive access to it.
Other threads will block until the threads with the lock has
left the context manager.
Returns:
threading.RLock: a lock specific to the filesystem instance.
Example:
>>> with my_fs.lock(): # May block
... # code here has exclusive access to the filesystem
... pass
It is a good idea to put a lock around any operations that you
would like to be *atomic*. For instance if you are copying
files, and you don't want another thread to delete or modify
anything while the copy is in progress.
Locking with this method is only required for code that calls
multiple filesystem methods. Individual methods are thread safe
already, and don't need to be locked.
Note:
This only locks at the Python level. There is nothing to
prevent other processes from modifying the filesystem
outside of the filesystem instance.
"""
return self._lock
[docs] def movedir(self, src_path, dst_path, create=False, preserve_time=False):
# type: (Text, Text, bool, bool) -> None
"""Move directory ``src_path`` to ``dst_path``.
Arguments:
src_path (str): Path of source directory on the filesystem.
dst_path (str): Path to destination directory.
create (bool): If `True`, then ``dst_path`` will be created
if it doesn't exist already (defaults to `False`).
preserve_time (bool): If `True`, try to preserve mtime of the
resources (defaults to `False`).
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: if ``dst_path`` does not exist,
and ``create`` is `False`.
fs.errors.DirectoryExpected: if ``src_path`` or one of its
ancestors is not a directory.
"""
with self._lock:
if not create and not self.exists(dst_path):
raise errors.ResourceNotFound(dst_path)
move.move_dir(self, src_path, self, dst_path, preserve_time=preserve_time)
[docs] def makedirs(
self,
path, # type: Text
permissions=None, # type: Optional[Permissions]
recreate=False, # type: bool
):
# type: (...) -> SubFS[FS]
"""Make a directory, and any missing intermediate directories.
Arguments:
path (str): Path to directory from root.
permissions (~fs.permissions.Permissions, optional): Initial
permissions, or `None` to use defaults.
recreate (bool): If `False` (the default), attempting to
create an existing directory will raise an error. Set
to `True` to ignore existing directories.
Returns:
~fs.subfs.SubFS: A sub-directory filesystem.
Raises:
fs.errors.DirectoryExists: if the path is already
a directory, and ``recreate`` is `False`.
fs.errors.DirectoryExpected: if one of the ancestors
in the path is not a directory.
"""
self.check()
with self._lock:
dir_paths = tools.get_intermediate_dirs(self, path)
for dir_path in dir_paths:
try:
self.makedir(dir_path, permissions=permissions)
except errors.DirectoryExists:
if not recreate:
raise
try:
self.makedir(path, permissions=permissions)
except errors.DirectoryExists:
if not recreate:
raise
return self.opendir(path)
[docs] def move(self, src_path, dst_path, overwrite=False, preserve_time=False):
# type: (Text, Text, bool, bool) -> None
"""Move a file from ``src_path`` to ``dst_path``.
Arguments:
src_path (str): A path on the filesystem to move.
dst_path (str): A path on the filesystem where the source
file will be written to.
overwrite (bool): If `True`, destination path will be
overwritten if it exists.
preserve_time (bool): If `True`, try to preserve mtime of the
resources (defaults to `False`).
Raises:
fs.errors.FileExpected: If ``src_path`` maps to a
directory instead of a file.
fs.errors.DestinationExists: If ``dst_path`` exists,
and ``overwrite`` is `False`.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If a parent directory of
``dst_path`` does not exist.
"""
if not overwrite and self.exists(dst_path):
raise errors.DestinationExists(dst_path)
if self.getinfo(src_path).is_dir:
raise errors.FileExpected(src_path)
if self.getmeta().get("supports_rename", False):
try:
src_sys_path = self.getsyspath(src_path)
dst_sys_path = self.getsyspath(dst_path)
except errors.NoSysPath: # pragma: no cover
pass
else:
try:
os.rename(src_sys_path, dst_sys_path)
except OSError:
pass
else:
if preserve_time:
copy_modified_time(self, src_path, self, dst_path)
return
with self._lock:
with self.open(src_path, "rb") as read_file:
# FIXME(@althonos): typing complains because open return IO
self.upload(dst_path, read_file) # type: ignore
if preserve_time:
copy_modified_time(self, src_path, self, dst_path)
self.remove(src_path)
[docs] def open(
self,
path, # type: Text
mode="r", # type: Text
buffering=-1, # type: int
encoding=None, # type: Optional[Text]
errors=None, # type: Optional[Text]
newline="", # type: Text
**options # type: Any
):
# type: (...) -> IO
"""Open a file.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a file on the filesystem.
mode (str): Mode to open the file object with
(defaults to *r*).
buffering (int): Buffering policy (-1 to use
default buffering, 0 to disable buffering, 1 to select
line buffering, of any positive integer to indicate
a buffer size).
encoding (str): Encoding for text files (defaults to
``utf-8``)
errors (str, optional): What to do with unicode decode errors
(see `codecs` module for more information).
newline (str): Newline parameter.
**options: keyword arguments for any additional information
required by the filesystem (if any).
Returns:
io.IOBase: a *file-like* object.
Raises:
fs.errors.FileExpected: If the path is not a file.
fs.errors.FileExists: If the file exists, and *exclusive mode*
is specified (``x`` in the mode).
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If the path does not exist.
"""
validate_open_mode(mode)
bin_mode = mode.replace("t", "")
bin_file = self.openbin(path, mode=bin_mode, buffering=buffering)
io_stream = iotools.make_stream(
path,
bin_file,
mode=mode,
buffering=buffering,
encoding=encoding or "utf-8",
errors=errors,
newline=newline,
**options
)
return io_stream
[docs] def opendir(
self, # type: _F
path, # type: Text
factory=None, # type: Optional[_OpendirFactory]
):
# type: (...) -> SubFS[FS]
# FIXME(@althonos): use generics here if possible
"""Get a filesystem object for a sub-directory.
Arguments:
path (str): Path to a directory on the filesystem.
factory (callable, optional): A callable that when invoked
with an FS instance and ``path`` will return a new FS object
representing the sub-directory contents. If no ``factory``
is supplied then `~fs.subfs_class` will be used.
Returns:
~fs.subfs.SubFS: A filesystem representing a sub-directory.
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``path`` does not exist.
fs.errors.DirectoryExpected: If ``path`` is not a directory.
"""
from .subfs import SubFS
_factory = factory or self.subfs_class or SubFS
if not self.getinfo(path).is_dir:
raise errors.DirectoryExpected(path=path)
return _factory(self, path)
[docs] def removetree(self, dir_path):
# type: (Text) -> None
"""Recursively remove a directory and all its contents.
This method is similar to `~fs.base.FS.removedir`, but will
remove the contents of the directory if it is not empty.
Arguments:
dir_path (str): Path to a directory on the filesystem.
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``dir_path`` does not exist.
fs.errors.DirectoryExpected: If ``dir_path`` is not a directory.
Caution:
A filesystem should never delete its root folder, so
``FS.removetree("/")`` has different semantics: the
contents of the root folder will be deleted, but the
root will be untouched::
>>> home_fs = fs.open_fs("~")
>>> home_fs.removetree("/")
>>> home_fs.exists("/")
True
>>> home_fs.isempty("/")
True
Combined with `~fs.base.FS.opendir`, this can be used
to clear a directory without removing the directory
itself::
>>> home_fs = fs.open_fs("~")
>>> home_fs.opendir("/Videos").removetree("/")
>>> home_fs.exists("/Videos")
True
>>> home_fs.isempty("/Videos")
True
"""
_dir_path = abspath(normpath(dir_path))
with self._lock:
walker = walk.Walker(search="depth")
gen_info = walker.info(self, _dir_path)
for _path, info in gen_info:
if info.is_dir:
self.removedir(_path)
else:
self.remove(_path)
if _dir_path != "/":
self.removedir(dir_path)
[docs] def scandir(
self,
path, # type: Text
namespaces=None, # type: Optional[Collection[Text]]
page=None, # type: Optional[Tuple[int, int]]
):
# type: (...) -> Iterator[Info]
"""Get an iterator of resource info.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a directory on the filesystem.
namespaces (list, optional): A list of namespaces to include
in the resource information, e.g. ``['basic', 'access']``.
page (tuple, optional): May be a tuple of ``(<start>, <end>)``
indexes to return an iterator of a subset of the resource
info, or `None` to iterate over the entire directory.
Paging a directory scan may be necessary for very large
directories.
Returns:
~collections.abc.Iterator: an iterator of `Info` objects.
Raises:
fs.errors.DirectoryExpected: If ``path`` is not a directory.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``path`` does not exist.
"""
namespaces = namespaces or ()
_path = abspath(normpath(path))
info = (
self.getinfo(join(_path, name), namespaces=namespaces)
for name in self.listdir(path)
)
iter_info = iter(info)
if page is not None:
start, end = page
iter_info = itertools.islice(iter_info, start, end)
return iter_info
[docs] def writebytes(self, path, contents):
# type: (Text, bytes) -> None
# FIXME(@althonos): accept bytearray and memoryview as well ?
"""Copy binary data to a file.
Arguments:
path (str): Destination path on the filesystem.
contents (bytes): Data to be written.
Raises:
TypeError: if contents is not bytes.
"""
if not isinstance(contents, bytes):
raise TypeError("contents must be bytes")
with closing(self.open(path, mode="wb")) as write_file:
write_file.write(contents)
setbytes = _new_name(writebytes, "setbytes")
[docs] def upload(self, path, file, chunk_size=None, **options):
# type: (Text, BinaryIO, Optional[int], **Any) -> None
"""Set a file to the contents of a binary file object.
This method copies bytes from an open binary file to a file on
the filesystem. If the destination exists, it will first be
truncated.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
file (io.IOBase): a file object open for reading in
binary mode.
chunk_size (int, optional): Number of bytes to read at a
time, if a simple copy is used, or `None` to use
sensible default.
**options: Implementation specific options required to open
the source file.
Raises:
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If a parent directory of
``path`` does not exist.
Note that the file object ``file`` will *not* be closed by this
method. Take care to close it after this method completes
(ideally with a context manager).
Example:
>>> with open('~/movies/starwars.mov', 'rb') as read_file:
... my_fs.upload('starwars.mov', read_file)
"""
with self._lock:
with self.openbin(path, mode="wb", **options) as dst_file:
tools.copy_file_data(file, dst_file, chunk_size=chunk_size)
setbinfile = _new_name(upload, "setbinfile")
[docs] def writefile(
self,
path, # type: Text
file, # type: IO
encoding=None, # type: Optional[Text]
errors=None, # type: Optional[Text]
newline="", # type: Text
):
# type: (...) -> None
"""Set a file to the contents of a file object.
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
file (io.IOBase): A file object open for reading.
encoding (str, optional): Encoding of destination file,
defaults to `None` for binary.
errors (str, optional): How encoding errors should be treated
(same as `io.open`).
newline (str): Newline parameter (same as `io.open`).
This method is similar to `~FS.upload`, in that it copies data from a
file-like object to a resource on the filesystem, but unlike ``upload``,
this method also supports creating files in text-mode (if the ``encoding``
argument is supplied).
Note that the file object ``file`` will *not* be closed by this
method. Take care to close it after this method completes
(ideally with a context manager).
Example:
>>> with open('myfile.txt') as read_file:
... my_fs.writefile('myfile.txt', read_file)
"""
mode = "wb" if encoding is None else "wt"
with self._lock:
with self.open(
path, mode=mode, encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline
) as dst_file:
tools.copy_file_data(file, dst_file)
setfile = _new_name(writefile, "setfile")
[docs] def settimes(self, path, accessed=None, modified=None):
# type: (Text, Optional[datetime], Optional[datetime]) -> None
"""Set the accessed and modified time on a resource.
Arguments:
path: A path to a resource on the filesystem.
accessed (datetime, optional): The accessed time, or
`None` (the default) to use the current time.
modified (datetime, optional): The modified time, or
`None` (the default) to use the same time as the
``accessed`` parameter.
"""
details = {} # type: dict
raw_info = {"details": details}
details["accessed"] = (
time.time() if accessed is None else datetime_to_epoch(accessed)
)
details["modified"] = (
details["accessed"] if modified is None else datetime_to_epoch(modified)
)
self.setinfo(path, raw_info)
[docs] def writetext(
self,
path, # type: Text
contents, # type: Text
encoding="utf-8", # type: Text
errors=None, # type: Optional[Text]
newline="", # type: Text
):
# type: (...) -> None
"""Create or replace a file with text.
Arguments:
path (str): Destination path on the filesystem.
contents (str): Text to be written.
encoding (str, optional): Encoding of destination file
(defaults to ``'utf-8'``).
errors (str, optional): How encoding errors should be treated
(same as `io.open`).
newline (str): Newline parameter (same as `io.open`).
Raises:
TypeError: if ``contents`` is not a unicode string.
"""
if not isinstance(contents, six.text_type):
raise TypeError("contents must be unicode")
with closing(
self.open(
path, mode="wt", encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline
)
) as write_file:
write_file.write(contents)
settext = _new_name(writetext, "settext")
[docs] def touch(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> None
"""Touch a file on the filesystem.
Touching a file means creating a new file if ``path`` doesn't
exist, or update accessed and modified times if the path does
exist. This method is similar to the linux command of the same
name.
Arguments:
path (str): A path to a file on the filesystem.
"""
with self._lock:
now = time.time()
if not self.create(path):
raw_info = {"details": {"accessed": now, "modified": now}}
self.setinfo(path, raw_info)
[docs] def validatepath(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> Text
"""Validate a path, returning a normalized absolute path on sucess.
Many filesystems have restrictions on the format of paths they
support. This method will check that ``path`` is valid on the
underlaying storage mechanism and throw a
`~fs.errors.InvalidPath` exception if it is not.
Arguments:
path (str): A path.
Returns:
str: A normalized, absolute path.
Raises:
fs.errors.InvalidPath: If the path is invalid.
fs.errors.FilesystemClosed: if the filesystem is closed.
fs.errors.InvalidCharsInPath: If the path contains
invalid characters.
"""
self.check()
if isinstance(path, bytes):
raise TypeError(
"paths must be unicode (not str)"
if six.PY2
else "paths must be str (not bytes)"
)
meta = self.getmeta()
invalid_chars = typing.cast(six.text_type, meta.get("invalid_path_chars"))
if invalid_chars:
if set(path).intersection(invalid_chars):
raise errors.InvalidCharsInPath(path)
max_sys_path_length = typing.cast(int, meta.get("max_sys_path_length", -1))
if max_sys_path_length != -1:
try:
sys_path = self.getsyspath(path)
except errors.NoSysPath: # pragma: no cover
pass
else:
if len(sys_path) > max_sys_path_length:
_msg = "path too long (max {max_chars} characters in sys path)"
msg = _msg.format(max_chars=max_sys_path_length)
raise errors.InvalidPath(path, msg=msg)
path = abspath(normpath(path))
return path
# ---------------------------------------------------------------- #
# Helper methods #
# Filesystems should not implement these methods. #
# ---------------------------------------------------------------- #
[docs] def getbasic(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> Info
"""Get the *basic* resource info.
This method is shorthand for the following::
fs.getinfo(path, namespaces=['basic'])
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
Returns:
~fs.info.Info: Resource information object for ``path``.
Note:
.. deprecated:: 2.4.13
Please use `~FS.getinfo` directly, which is
required to always return the *basic* namespace.
"""
warnings.warn(
"method 'getbasic' has been deprecated, please use 'getinfo'",
DeprecationWarning,
)
return self.getinfo(path, namespaces=["basic"])
[docs] def getdetails(self, path):
# type: (Text) -> Info
"""Get the *details* resource info.
This method is shorthand for the following::
fs.getinfo(path, namespaces=['details'])
Arguments:
path (str): A path on the filesystem.
Returns:
~fs.info.Info: Resource information object for ``path``.
"""
return self.getinfo(path, namespaces=["details"])
[docs] def check(self):
# type: () -> None
"""Check if a filesystem may be used.
Raises:
fs.errors.FilesystemClosed: if the filesystem is closed.
"""
if self.isclosed():
raise errors.FilesystemClosed()
[docs] def match(self, patterns, name):
# type: (Optional[Iterable[Text]], Text) -> bool
"""Check if a name matches any of a list of wildcards.
If a filesystem is case *insensitive* (such as Windows) then
this method will perform a case insensitive match (i.e. ``*.py``
will match the same names as ``*.PY``). Otherwise the match will
be case sensitive (``*.py`` and ``*.PY`` will match different
names).
Arguments:
patterns (list, optional): A list of patterns, e.g.
``['*.py']``, or `None` to match everything.
name (str): A file or directory name (not a path)
Returns:
bool: `True` if ``name`` matches any of the patterns.
Raises:
TypeError: If ``patterns`` is a single string instead of
a list (or `None`).
Example:
>>> my_fs.match(['*.py'], '__init__.py')
True
>>> my_fs.match(['*.jpg', '*.png'], 'foo.gif')
False
Note:
If ``patterns`` is `None` (or ``['*']``), then this
method will always return `True`.
"""
if patterns is None:
return True
if isinstance(patterns, six.text_type):
raise TypeError("patterns must be a list or sequence")
case_sensitive = not typing.cast(
bool, self.getmeta().get("case_insensitive", False)
)
matcher = wildcard.get_matcher(patterns, case_sensitive)
return matcher(name)
[docs] def tree(self, **kwargs):
# type: (**Any) -> None
"""Render a tree view of the filesystem to stdout or a file.
The parameters are passed to :func:`~fs.tree.render`.
Keyword Arguments:
path (str): The path of the directory to start rendering
from (defaults to root folder, i.e. ``'/'``).
file (io.IOBase): An open file-like object to render the
tree, or `None` for stdout.
encoding (str): Unicode encoding, or `None` to
auto-detect.
max_levels (int): Maximum number of levels to
display, or `None` for no maximum.
with_color (bool): Enable terminal color output,
or `None` to auto-detect terminal.
dirs_first (bool): Show directories first.
exclude (list): Option list of directory patterns
to exclude from the tree render.
filter (list): Optional list of files patterns to
match in the tree render.
"""
from .tree import render
render(self, **kwargs)
[docs] def hash(self, path, name):
# type: (Text, Text) -> Text
"""Get the hash of a file's contents.
Arguments:
path(str): A path on the filesystem.
name(str):
One of the algorithms supported by the `hashlib` module,
e.g. `"md5"` or `"sha256"`.
Returns:
str: The hex digest of the hash.
Raises:
fs.errors.UnsupportedHash: If the requested hash is not supported.
fs.errors.ResourceNotFound: If ``path`` does not exist.
fs.errors.FileExpected: If ``path`` exists but is not a file.
"""
self.validatepath(path)
try:
hash_object = hashlib.new(name)
except ValueError:
raise errors.UnsupportedHash("hash '{}' is not supported".format(name))
with self.openbin(path) as binary_file:
while True:
chunk = binary_file.read(1024 * 1024)
if not chunk:
break
hash_object.update(chunk)
return hash_object.hexdigest()